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'Ilm al-kalam denotes a discipline of Islamic thought generally referred to as 'theology or as 'scholastic theology'. The discipline, which evolved from the political and religious controversies that engulfed the Muslim community in its formative years, deals with interpretations of religious doctrine and the defence of these interpeatations by means of discursive arguments. The rise of kalam came to be closely associated ewith the Mu'tazila, a rationalist school ...