Contents: Introduction. 1. Vratas and utsavas: understanding their changing meanings. 2. Vratas and utsavas in the literary sources: c.A.D. 400-700. 3. Vratas and utsavas in the literary sources: c.A.D. 700-1200. 4. Vratas and utsavas in the epigraphic sources: evidence and analysis. Conclusion.