Sufficient genetic diversity exists to allow delineation of the finest levels of population substructuring. The amount of genetic diversity observed also allows individual-level captive breeding management. Contemporary genetic tools (e.g., functional genomics) are now being applied to determine and better understand the adaptive significance of the various levels of differentiation. The study by Alaska Science Centre developed new genetic markets, and tested previously developed molecular and otolith tools to address questions regarding genetic structure and population-of-origin for arctic cisco captured in the Colville River subsistence fishery.
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