Mangroves--the threatened coastal intertidal halophytic flora play very dominant and important roles in the estuarine mouths, sea-land interphase areas or deltaic ecosystems of both the tropical and sub-tropical zones, especially in the highly populated South-East Asian countries, several Pacific Islands and Australian coasts. Inspite of their important roles and immense ecological impacts, these mangroves and the mangrove ecosystems have faced both biotic and ...
