Ecology and Environment

Ecology is the scientific study of the relations that living organisms have with respect to each other and their natural environment. Variables of interest to ecologists include the composition distribution amount biomass number and changing states of organisms within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are hierarchical systems that are organized into a graded series of regularly interacting and semi independent parts e.g. species that aggregate into higher orders of complex integrated wholes e.g. communities. Ecosystems are sustained by the biodiversity within them. Biodiversity is the full scale of life and its processes including genes species and ecosystems forming lineages that integrate into a complex and regenerative spatial arrangement of types, forms and interactions. Ecosystems create biophysical feedback mechanisms between living biotic and nonliving abiotic components of the planet. These feedback loops regulate and sustain local communities continental climate systems and global biogeochemical cycles.