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Today, plant biotechnology has become entrenched as a branch of science, and biotechnology courses have been included not only at university but even at school level reflecting the importance of the subject. Recently biotechnology has been introduced in syllabus of most of the universities, at the graduate and/or post graduate level(s), either as a separate paper or a part of it. For the better understanding of the subject it is imperative that students should be ...
Agroecology is the science of applying ecological concepts and principles to the design, development, and management of sustainable agricultural systems. Agroecology is a scientific discipline that uses ecological theory to study, design, manage and evaluate agricultural systems that are productive but also resource conserving. Agroecological research considers interactions of all important biophysical, technical and socioeconomic components of farming systems ...
Crop diseases are known to be caused by various abiotic and biotic agents. Diseases in plants are as similar as diseases in animals and human. We cannot see the actual organism responsible for disease but we feel and see the symptoms. Disease can be described as “any deviation from the normal behavior in a living organism is called a disease”, different living organisms have different diseases and different microbes cause different diseases.” ...
